Significant Inventors of the Industrial Revolution

The inventions and innovations of the Industrial Revolution transformed the U.S. and Great Britain in the 18th and 19th centuries. Tremendous gains in science and technology helped Britain become the worlds dominant economic and political power, while in the U.S. it fueled a young nations westward expansion and built vast fortunes.   A Revolution Twice Over British innovations harnessed the power of water, steam, and coal, helping the U.K. dominate the global textile market of the mid-1770s. Other advancements made in chemistry, manufacturing, and transportation allowed the nation to expand and fund its empire around the globe. The American Industrial Revolution began after the Civil War as the U.S. rebuilt its infrastructure. New forms of transportation such as the steamboat  and the railroad helped the nation expand trade. Meanwhile, innovations such as the modern assembly line and electric light bulb revolutionized both business  and personal life. Transportation Water had long been used to power simple machines such as grain mills and textile spinners, but Scottish inventor James Watts refinements to the steam engine in 1775 launched the revolution in earnest. Up until that point, such engines were crude, inefficient, and unreliable. Watts first engines were used primarily to pump water and air into and out of mines. With the development of more powerful, efficient engines which would operate under higher pressure and increased output, came newer, better forms of transportation.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Robert Fulton  was an engineer  and  inventor who had become fascinated with Watts engine while living in France at the turn of the 19th century. After several years of experimenting in Paris, he returned to the U.S. and launched the Clermont in 1807 on the Hudson River in New York. It was the first commercially viable steamboat line in the nation.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ As the nations rivers began opening to navigation, commerce expanded along with the population. Another new form of transportation, the railroad, also relied on steam power to drive the locomotives. First in Britain and then in the U.S., rail lines began appearing in the 1820s. By 1869, the first transcontinental rail line linked the coasts. If the 19th century belonged to steam, the 20th century belonged to the internal combustion engine. American inventor George Brayton, working on earlier innovations, developed the first liquid-fueled internal combustion engine in 1872. During the next two decades, German engineers including Karl Benz and Rudolf Diesel would make further innovations. By the time Henry Ford unveiled his Model T car in 1908, the internal combustion engine was poised to transform not just the nations transportation system but also spur 20th-century industries like petroleum and aviation. Communication As the populations of both the U.K. and the U.S. expanded in the 1800s and Americas boundaries pushed westward, new forms of communication that could cover great distances were invented to keep pace with this growth. One of the first significant inventions was the telegraph, perfected by Samuel Morse. He developed a series of dots and dashes that could be transmitted electrically in 1836; they came to be known as Morse Code, though it wouldnt be until 1844 that the first telegraph service opened, between Baltimore and Washington, D.C. As the rail system expanded in the U.S., the telegraph followed along, literally. Rail depots doubled as telegraph stations, bringing news to the far-flung frontier. Telegraph signals began flowing between the U.S. and the U.K. in 1866 with Cyrus Fields first permanent transatlantic telegraph line. The following decade, Scottish inventor Alexander Graham Bell, working in the U.S. with Thomas Watson, patented the telephone in 1876.   Thomas Edison, who made a number of discoveries and innovations during the 1800s, contributed to the communications revolution by inventing the phonograph in 1876. The device used paper cylinders coated with wax to record sound. Records were first made of metal and later shellac. In Italy, Enrico Marconi made his first successful radio wave transmission in 1895, paving the way for the  radio to be invented in the next century. Industry In 1794, the American industrialist Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin. This device mechanized the process of removing seeds from cotton, something that had previously been done largely by hand. But what made Whitneys invention particularly special was its use of interchangeable parts. If one part broke, it could be easily replaced by another inexpensive, mass-produced copy. This made processing cotton cheaper, in turn creating new markets and wealth. Elijah McCoy, a mechanical engineer, filed more than 50 patents for various industrial inventions. Although he did not invent the sewing machine, Elias Howes refinements and patent in 1844 perfected the device. Working with Isaac Singer, Howe marketed the device to manufacturers and later consumers. The machine allowed for the mass production of clothing, expanding the nations textile industry. It also made housework easier and allowed the growing middle class to indulge in hobbies like fashion. But factory work—and home life—still were dependent upon sunlight and lamplight. It wasnt until electricity began being harnessed for commercial purposes that industry truly was revolutionized. Thomas Edisons invention of the electric light bulb in 1879 became the means by which large factories could be illuminated, extending shifts and increasing manufacturing output. It also spurred the creation of the nations electrical grid, into which the many inventions of the 20th century from TVs to PCs would eventually plug. Person Invention Date James Watt First reliable steam engine 1775 Eli Whitney Cotton ginInterchangeable parts for muskets 17931798 Robert Fulton Regular steamboat service on the Hudson River 1807 Samuel F.B. Morse Telegraph 1836 Elias Howe Sewing machine 1844 Isaac Singer Improves and markets Howe's sewing machine 1851 Cyrus Field Transatlantic cable 1866 Alexander Graham Bell Telephone 1876 Thomas Edison PhonographIncandescent light bulb 18771879 Nikola Tesla Induction electric motor 1888 Rudolf Diesel Diesel engine 1892 Orville and Wilbur Wright First airplane 1903 Henry Ford Model T FordLarge-scale moving assembly line 19081913

Committing Adultery Essays - 609 Words

Committing Adultery A marriage is full of moral ethics that should be followed. Kant would have agreed with me that we have moral duties to ones self and others. A marriage is committing moral thoughts, words, and actions to yourself and your spouse. Kant believed in treating other people the way you wish they would treat you. Never treat other people as if they were merely things. The formula of humanity states that we should treat people as an end and never as a means to an end. In committing adultery, the marriage and the spouse are being used as a means. Marriage should be treated with dignity and not as a thing that can be played with. I hope no one would apply the universal law of categorical imperative to committing†¦show more content†¦John Stuart Mill is a hedonistic utilitarian. Our actions are meant to give happiness not only to ourselves but to others as well. Mill made the distinction of happiness between pleasures of the mental sort as a higher form than that of bodily pl easures. Mill states, it is better to be intelligently dissatisfied then foolishly satisfied. The ultimate pain and misery caused by committing adultery is not worth the short term pleasure that it produces. Wikipedia.org states that Utilitarianism of John Stuart Mill is classified as a type of hedonism, as it judges the morality of the actions by their consequent contributions to the greater good and happiness of all. Mills believes that there can be different levels of pleasure as long as the act promotes an action which makes everyone happy. Mills would say that committing adultery doesn’t bring overall happiness. Hedonism is described as pleasure is the highest good and whatever causes pleasure is right. On this note, hedonism would say committing adultery would be right if it is giving the cheating spouse pleasure. Committing adultery is motivated by desire and it can reduce pain by not telling the spouse that you are cheating. Most of the time committing adultery is motivated by sexual desire. My view on committing adultery is closest with Kantianism. Good will equals good intentions. They way I treat my spouse is the way I would want to beShow MoreRelatedWhen two people walk down the aisle and make a promise to love one another â€Å"till death do us part,†1000 Words   |  4 Pagestheir spouse and never wander from their loved one. If they stray from their loved one; having sexual intercourse with someone other than their spouse. They are committing adultery. Adulterous behavior can be seen to fall with the domain of morality. For men and women there are many reasons they have committed or are committing adultery. For the most part many who have affairs have a good sex life but come from marriages with little or no intimacy. When a spouses needs are not met many marriagesRead MoreSymbolism In The Scarlet Letter795 Words   |  4 Pageswhere adultery was punishable by law through shaming in public. However, I believe that Hesters experience of having to wear the A in the â€Å" Scarlet Letter† symbolizes power because it didnt affect her as much as the people thought it would. This made her seem strong, bold, and fearless. Hester was told to wear the letter because she had committed adultery. Adultery is having voluntary sexual intercourse with a married person who is not your spouse. Hester was punished for committing this crimeRead MoreZafiya Shamim UU2001547 Words   |  7 PagesShould there be law against adultery DECLARATION: I declare that this essay is my original work. Due credit has been given to all sources I used. Signature and Date: 15/04/15 Love is patient, love never fails and adultery was understood to be destructive in the earliest days of civilization, thus earning its own ‘Thou Shalt Not’. Adultery literally refers to married persons having sexual intercourse with someone other than their lawful spouse. Adultery is hurtful and affectsRead MoreAnalysis Of Hester And Minster s The Scarlett Letter 992 Words   |  4 Pagestalk about how society today sees adultery and give an example of someone who choose to make the same wrong choice and how that affect them. The wrong choice that Hester and Minster Dimmesdale choose was one that is a sin. That sin is not to commit adultery. Adultery is voluntary sexual intercourse between a married person and a person who is not his or her spouse. In the bible it says† The penalty is death for both guilty parties: And the man that committeth adultery with another man s wife, evenRead More The Storm Essay1133 Words   |  5 Pagestraditional marriage, the woman and the man will hold loyalty towards one another because they have a relationship that was established upon trust and bond. Adultery and premarital sex were not existed in that age. However, what we see on the news everyday was a totally different story. The question becomes what leads women to commit adultery and what did they get out of it. In â€Å"The Storm† by Chopin, the marriage between Bobinot and Calixta was both successful and unsuccessful. Bobinot was extremelyRead MoreEssay about Whats Wrong with Adultery1333 Words   |  6 Pages Steinbock/What’s Wrong with Adultery? Adultery is a horrible sin to commit, but it can actually be avoided, although many people in todays society respond differently based on their religion and culture. When a person commits adultery they fail in keeping his/her commitment to their partner. When adultery happens the trust is broken in the relationship and the other person will feel deceived and betrayed. When a man and a woman come together and bind in holy matrimony, two people become oneRead MoreWhat is wrong with adultery Essay1697 Words   |  7 PagesEvaluating Adultery Bonnie Steinbock in her essay â€Å"What’s Wrong with Adultery?† starts by quoting the data from studies to show that the number of women who have committed adultery has significantly increased. Despite this increase in female adultery, it is in some degree due to the attitudes changing toward sex and sexuality, but Steinbock thinks that people should use rational justification to evaluate the disapproval of adultery. Then in the rest of the parts of Steinbock’s essay, she is generallyRead MoreStoning Is A Form Of Execution1918 Words   |  8 Pagesis a legal punishment. However, out of these countries, only in Iran, Pakistan and Somalia have stoning’s actually occurred and all instances in Pakistan have occurred outside the legal system. Stoning is used as a punishment for those who commit adultery. The husband has the honor to throw the first stone. Her children are also forced to participate. They are allowed to try and escape, but they are left at a disadvantage because they are buried to their chest, as opposed to men who are only buriedRead MoreIntroduction Of Adultery Essay1575 Words   |  7 PagesThe word adultery is derived from the Latin word â€Å"Adulterium† i.e. extra-marital sex which is seen as a crime on moral, social, religious and legal grounds. Adultery can be defined as voluntary sexual intercourse between a married person and a woman who is not his/her spouse [1]. Historically, many cultures, religion and ideologies have a very negative view of adultery, and also have punishments defined for it in living as well as after death. In many societies it is believed that adultery corruptsRead MoreThe Catholic Church874 Words   |  4 PagesGod’s plan for the matrimony of a woman and a man. God meant for a man and a woman to be joined as one in Holy matrimony as husband and wife in a union that was not to be dissolved. Therefore, as specifically spelled out in the sixth commandment, adultery is a mortal sin and contrary to the plan God had for mankind. Apostle Paul goes to great lengths to clarify the love a man should have for his wife and in turn the love and obedience a woman should have for her husband. As stated by Apostle Paul

Young people drive their political development Free Essays

The term gigantic suggests a causal direction. Can these two very different viewpoints be merged? By Habeas Question-I : Political colonization has typically been defined as â€Å"the process by which people come to acquire political attitudes and values. † Colonization agents are, among others, the parents, peers, school, and the surrounding society. We will write a custom essay sample on Young people drive their political development or any similar topic only for you Order Now The term suggests a causal direction. Young people are socialized by others. Researchers sometimes talk about an gigantic perspective: Young people drive their own political development. The term gigantic suggests a causal direction. Young people choose their own ways to gain information and develop attitudes about society. Can these two very different viewpoints be merged? The current research has Identified several socializing agents In adolescents’ political development. We know that parents, peers, the school, and the media are Important agents In shaping adolescents political and CIVIC values. Attitudes, and behaviors. However, researchers have studied this process through a unidirectional lens, that is, most often taking a top-down approach where transmission flows from parent to hill. From this perspective, adolescents have been considered as passive recipients in their political colonization. In 2002, McDermott and Chaffed wrote perhaps one of the most altering papers in the field of political colonization. In this article, the authors express the need for examining adolescents as active agents in their political colonization. The fundamental question is: should a top-down and bottom-up approach be merged when studying adolescents’ political colonization? My standpoint Is very simple: It is not Just possible It is necessary. In order to give an count of how Influential agents and adolescents’ agency can be merged, we first need to understand why the political colonization literature has examined youth’s political colonization from a unidirectional perspective over the past few decades. Societal shifts and political colonization research over the past few decades The political colonization literature began to emerge in the mid-offs. The societal structures, political climate, and norm of that generation generally exerted a top- down mentality in several scopes of life, whether it was in the family within the school among other social institutions. Generally, the family would normally abide by a patriarchal and hierarchical structure where parents, particularly fathers, were most influential in the familial dynamics. Teachers would often have an authoritarian role with little democracy in the classroom climate. It is no surprise that social models were thus reflected In the work of political colonization researchers at the time. Whether scholars developed theories of communication patterns at home (Chaffed, McLeod, Hickman, 1973) or role modeling behaviors (Fletcher, Elder, Memos, 2000) to explain Intergenerational transmission, a top-down approach was objectification of children was evident in these models at the time. However, despite the slow changes of the social structures in society, scholars and their theoretical models did not catch up with the generational shifts. It was not until the re-birth of the political colonization research in the sass’s that scholars began to re-consider, inspired by other disciplines, the idea that adolescents too, could be active agents in their political colonization. Modern society and new media Modern Western society has shifted towards a tangent quite different from the social structures in comparison to the sass’s. Adolescents in these societies have been found to have more influence in the family and perceive more democracy in the family (Stain, Person, Burk, Kerr, 2011). Politically, schools are also adopting more democratic climates in the classroom allowing children to feel more efficacious and involved in their education (Campbell, 2008). With the emergence and growth of the Internet and â€Å"new media†, adolescents today have easy access to information online, regardless of the influence of other agents (Mossberg, Delbert, McNealy, 2008). Adolescents might be more inclined to develop an interest and engagement in lattice and societal affairs. They may take the initiative to seek information that is so readily available to them through the Internet. Online behaviors might transfer to offline behaviors; adolescents might be seeking information independently and initiating conversations at home or with peers about different political and societal matters. Again, adolescents should be considered as active agents in their political and civic colonization. Researchers have thus recognized the need to re-examine the way they think about transmission, how they examine adolescents political colonization, and the models they use to explain this. More recently, scholars have been using a bi-directional approach, that is, also considering adolescents’ agency in theoretical models that can help us understand how adolescents develop their political and civic behaviors (McLeod, 2000; Sapphire Chaffed, 2002). It became clear that merging the idea of top-down and bottom-up influences was not a choice, rather a necessity in the development of theoretical models in the field of political colonization. Conclusion It is vital for current theories in the field of political colonization to consider adolescents as active agents in their political colonization. How to cite Young people drive their political development, Essays

International Human Resource Management Economic Factor

Question: The main institutional differences between Australia and China that could impact on Alibabas design of their pay systems, benefits and compensation for employees working inside China and those in Australia? Answer: The institutional difference in terms of the current HR practices that are place in the various enterprises native to the Chinese market and the Australian market respectively is huge. With regard to any MNC that has a formidable globalized image across the world, the manner in which the HR practices are maintained across operations in different host country has been a topic of deliberation for long. In the given case, where the Alibaba Group Holding Limited finds an entry to Australia and other pacific markets, the changes that would be a part of the expansion have been a subject of discussion and review (Abubakar, Chauhan Kura, 2015). Economic Factor Post-1978, china even though remains a communist state but has adopted itself into a more inclusive, and export-led economy. The socialist elements to the economy have been amalgamated with certain elements of the globalization that ensures that China has a competitive edge. This has led to cheaper production costs to goods and commodities thereby making the Chinese MNEs competitive (Crowley-Henry Heaslip, 2014). On the other hand, Australia has remained a majorly capitalistic economy throughout history. The idea of HR practices and strategies that are followed in the country and thus making a large portion of the MNEs dependent on a strict framework (Warner, 2013). Cultural Factor The sociocultural value system that both China and Australia bear forms a major part of the institutional differences between the countries with regard to the HR practices and strategies. As far as the cultural value system of China is concerned, most approaches adopt a long term orientation and view of things, including businesses and management (Dartey-Baah, 2013). This particular factor isnt very strong in case of Australia and other western economies as they tend to take bigger risks as compared to China. Management Factor With regard to the home-country management practices, china follows a paternalistic management model although with the globalization, it has certainly mellowed to a more market driven stance. The privately owned enterprises such as Alibaba, the management factor has been more or less uniform as per the global standards. As with regard to the MNEs in Australia, the management practiced are way smoother and distributed as compared to their Chinese counterparts (Dickmann, Brewster Sparrow, 2016). Demographic Factor The demographic factor plays a pivotal role as the demographics of the home country and the host country for Alibaba are very different for each other. China, with its huge population, the labor costs are definitely less as compared to Australia (Garca-Lillo, beda-Garca Marco-Lajara, 2016). This could be one of the reasons behind the institutional difference in the approach to the HR practices that are followed in China and Australia respectively. Analysis of the differences in pay arrangement, benefit and compensation of workers of Alibaba both in China (home-country) and in Australia (host-country) Since, Alibaba group holding limited is a fairly new entrant to the Australian market, it is still a little early to understand the exact approach that the company would be adopting in relation to the various elements on the HR practices including aspects such as employee management, compensation and benefits etc. As per the existing norms in the various Asian MNCs operating in the ANZ region, the pay and performance management has seen a great degree of uniformity among themselves (Gonzlez-Loureiro, DabicPuig, 2014). Most of the Asian owned MNCs have compensation policies that pay its employees in the first and second quartile whereas majority of the Australian owned MNCs tend to compensate the employees at the median for the respective industry (Theregister.co.uk, 2017). To put things into perspective, the various institutional differences between Australia and China would come in stark contrast with each other if an attempt is made to understand Alibabas overall business strategies and it making its presence felt in the ANZ region (Weber, Festing Dowling, 2013). As per various reliable sources, Alibaba Group would be taking a keen interest in establishing itself as a conduit for providing digitized platforms such as cloud etc. for small businesses local to Australia, which in turn would find themselves on a more globalizedfront (McDonnell et al., 2011). This approach on the part of the company clear suggests that the workforce that the company would be dealing with in Australia would be significantly lower in size as compared to the workforce it has for its operations in the home country (Mazur, 2015). The various institutional differences can be enumerated by basing them on five spheres of institutional factors that include industrial relations, vocational training and education, corporate governance, inter-firm relation and employee relation and co-ordination (Hall Soskice, ): Industrial Relations: This sphere involves the bargain and negotiation over the pay and wages of the labor force. The wage, working conditions and benefit to the workers is dependent on the bargaining skills of the labor force as well as the existing norms in the industry. Given this very fact, it can be said that the arrangements of the pay and benefits structure for the employees in Alibabas operation in Australia would be somewhat better than that in China Vocational Training and Education: Often is the case that the business firm faces significant difficulties when it comes to acquiring the required talent pool in a given region of operation. Hence when it comes to selecting the workforce with the proper skill set and competency, Australia provides a better option as compared to China due to the diverse nature of the skills and competitiveness. Thus, the chances are, Alibaba in Australia would be willing to shell out more to invest in the available talent pool than in case of China. Corporate Governance: This sphere allows the business firm to gain access to the various sources of funds that it can find in given region. In case of China and Australia, both the countries show very different trends and features when it comes to the availability of funds as well as the means by which they can be secured. Therefore, it is easier to assume that the pay benefits and compensation for the work force in Australia would be better than that in china as it provides better options for funding and investing the business. Inter-Firm Relation: This fourth sphere can be held responsible for several gaps in relation to the arrangement of the pay and wage benefits between the work force in China and Australia. Inter-firm relation involves the business having a functional relationship with other business entities that could be suppliers, clients, ancillaries etc. to Alibaba. Due to a stronger inter-firm relation and close association with other entities, Alibaba in Australia would need to be leaning towards offering a more lucrative wage arrangement to the work force as compared to in China. Employee Relation and Co-ordination: When it comes to the operations of the various international business enterprises, the standards for the degree of coordination varies from region to region owning to a lot of factors. The skill set of the workers in general and the nature of the economys production setting can also be attributed to the same. The general trend being, in countries like Australia where the degree of coordination and relationship among the working individuals is higher, the wages and pay benefits are better. As a result, Alibaba in Australia is speculated to be offering more for these skill sets in China so as to level the playing field. Moreover the double digit growth that the company has shown in the last financial year of 2015-16, it is likely that the company could be more open to going a notch above its usual pay benefits and compensation criteria (Thomas Lazarova, 2013). This way, Alibaba would be able to garner the best talent pool available in the host country and due to the limited nature of requisite workforce as well as the integrated operation approach adopted for the ANZ region; it will be in the interest of the company to offer better compensation and other benefits to the workers in Australia (Pudelko, Reiche Carr, 2015). References Abubakar, R.A., Chauhan, A. and Kura, K.M., 2015. Relationship Between Human Resource Management Practices And Employees Turnover Intention Among Registered Nurses In Nigerian Public Hospitals: The Mediating Role Of Organisational Trust.SainsHumanika,5(2). Bartram, T. and Dowling, P.J., 2013. An international perspective on human resource management and performance in the health care sector: toward a research agenda. Bjrkman, I. and Welch, D., 2015. Framing the field of international human resource management research.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,26(2), pp.136-150. Crowley-Henry, M. and Heaslip, G., 2014.Short-term international assignments.Military perspectives and implications for international human resource management.European Management Journal,32(5), pp.752-760. Dartey-Baah, K., 2013. The Cultural Approach to the Management of the International Human Resource: An Analysis of Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions.International Journal of Business Administration,4(2), p.39. Dickmann, M., Brewster, C. and Sparrow, P. eds., 2016.International Human Resource Management: Contemporary HR Issues in Europe. Routledge. Garca-Lillo, F., beda-Garca, M. and Marco-Lajara, B., 2016. The intellectual structure of human resource management research: A bibliometric study of the International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20002012.The International Journal of Human Resource Management, pp.1-30. Gonzlez-Loureiro, M., Dabic, M. and Puig, F., 2014. Global organizations and supply chain: new research avenues in the international human resource management.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,44(8/9), pp.689-712. Mazur, B., 2015. Sustainable human resource management.The attempt of holistic approach.Ekonomia i Zarz?dzanie,7(2). McDonnell, A., Russell, H., Sablok, G., Burgess, J., Stanton, P., Bartram, T., Boyle, B. and Manning, K., 2011.A profile of human resource management in multinational enterprises operating in Australia.University of South Australia, University of Newcastle, Victoria University, La Trobe University and Curtin University Pudelko, M., Reiche, B.S. and Carr, C., 2015.Recent developments and emerging challenges in international human resource management. Thomas, D.C. and Lazarova, M.B., 2013.Essentials of international human resource management: Managing people globally. SAGE Publications. Theregister.co.uk. 2017.Alibaba's lights are on in Australia, but hardly anyone is home. [online] Available at: https://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/11/27/alibabas_lights_are_on_in_australia_but_hardly_anyone_is_home/ [Accessed 18 Apr. 2017]. Warner, M., 2013.Comparing human resource management in China and Vietnam: An overview.Human Systems Management, 32(4), pp.217-229. Weber, W., Festing, M. and Dowling, P.J. eds., 2013.Management and International Review: Cross-Cultural and Comparative International Human Resource Management. Springer Science Business Media.